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Owner's Manual (3)

Owner's Manual 4~6 Ģ ӵ˴ϴ.

4. Our preference would be to reach our goal by directly owning a diversified group of businesses that generate cash and consistently earn above-average returns on capital. Our second choice is to own parts of similar businesses, attained primarily through purchases of marketable common stocks by our insurance subsidiaries. The price and availability of businesses and the need for insurance capital determine any given year's capital allocation.

츮 ϴ ּ ͷ ̻ âس پ ؼ 츮 ǥ ޼ϴ ̴. δ ȸ(GEICO) 强 ִ ֽ ν Ϻθ ϴ ̴. ü ݰ 뼺, ų ں Ѵ.

As has usually been the case, it is easier today to buy small pieces of outstanding businesses via the stock market than to buy similar businesses in their entirety on a negotiated basis. Nevertheless, we continue to prefer the 100% purchase, and in some years we get lucky: In the last three years in fact, we made seven acquisitions. Though there will be dry years also, we expect to make a number of acquisitions in the decades to come, and our hope is that they will be large. If these purchases approach the quality of those we have made in the past, Berkshire will be well served.

׻ ׷Ե ؼ ̱⺸ٴ ֽĽ Ϻθ ̴ . ׷ ұϰ 츮 100% ϱ ϰ ش Ҵ. ֱ 3Ⱓ 츮 7 պ ״. Ȳ 10Ⱓ ż Ѵ. ̷ ż ٹ ſ 츮 ߴ ͸ŭ ȴٸ Ŵ ̴.

The challenge for us is to generate ideas as rapidly as we generate cash. In this respect, a depressed stock market is likely to present us with significant advantages. For one thing, it tends to reduce the prices at which entire companies become available for purchase. Second, a depressed market makes it easier for our insurance companies to buy small pieces of wonderful businesses — including additional pieces of businesses we already own — at attractive prices. And third, some of those same wonderful businesses, such as Coca-Cola, are consistent buyers of their own shares, which means that they, and we, gain from the cheaper prices at which they can buy.

츮 ־ âس ͸ŭ ̵ ̴. 켱 ħü 츮 ū ȸ Ѵ. ù° ħü ش. ι° 츮 ȸ Ϻθ ŷ ݿ ̴ ϰ ش. ° īݶ ڻָ ϱ⿡ .

Overall, Berkshire and its long-term shareholders benefit from a sinking stock market much as a regular purchaser of food benefits from declining food prices. So when the market plummets — as it will from time to time — neither panic nor mourn. It's good news for Berkshire.

ſ ֵ ħü忡 ̵ Ǿִ. Һڵ İ Ͱ . ׷ ſԴ ´.

5. Because of our two-pronged approach to business ownership and because of the limitations of conventional accounting, consolidated reported earnings may reveal relatively little about our true economic performance. Charlie and I, both as owners and managers, virtually ignore such consolidated numbers. However, we will also report to you the earnings of each major business we control, numbers we consider of great importance. These figures, along with other information we will supply about the individual businesses, should generally aid you in making judgments about them.

츮 ΰ ʽ ٹ Ҿ Ϲ ȸ Ѱ ͺ Ȳ ¥ ֱ ƴ. ۰ſ ʿ 濵ڷμ ׿ ڵ Ѵ. ׷ 츮 е鿡 ߿ϴٰ ϴ ū ü ̴. ϴ ̷ ġ е 츮 Ȯϰ ϴµ ̴.

To state things simply, we try to give you in the annual report the numbers and other information that really matter. Charlie and I pay a great deal of attention to how well our businesses are doing, and we also work to understand the environment in which each business is operating. For example, is one of our businesses enjoying an industry tailwind or is it facing a headwind? Charlie and I need to know exactly which situation prevails and to adjust our expectations accordingly. We will also pass along our conclusions to you.

츮 ߿ ڵ е鿡 Ϸ ϰ ִ. ۰ſ 츮 󸶳 Ǵ Ű ִ. ׸ ȯ ľϱ Ѵ. 츮 ü ϳ dz ް ִ dz ް ִ°? ϰ Ѵ. 츮 Ȯ Ȳ νϰ ġ ű⿡ ʿ䰡 ִ. ̷ е鿡 ̴.

Over time, practically all of our businesses have exceeded our expectations. But occasionally we have disappointments, and we will try to be as candid in informing you about those as we are in describing the happier experiences. When we use unconventional measures to chart our progress — for instance, you will be reading in our annual reports about insurance "float" — we will try to explain these concepts and why we regard them as important. In other words, we believe in telling you how we think so that you can evaluate not only Berkshire's businesses but also assess our approach to management and capital allocation.

츮 ü 츮 ġ ׻ Ѿ. ׷ Ǹ ִ. ̶ ູ ŭ̳ ϰ п ˷ ̴. 츮 ϱ ο Ѵ. е 츮 "float"()̶ ܾ ߰ ̴. 츮 ߿ п Ϸ ̴. ޸ 츮 ϴµ ġ ʰ 濵 ںп 츮 ٹ ֵ ̴.

6. Accounting consequences do not influence our operating or capital-allocation decisions. When acquisition costs are similar, we much prefer to purchase $2 of earnings that is not reportable by us under standard accounting principles than to purchase $1 of earnings that is reportable. This is precisely the choice that often faces us since entire businesses (whose earnings will be fully reportable) frequently sell for double the pro-rata price of small portions (whose earnings will be largely unreportable). In aggregate and over time, we expect the unreported earnings to be fully reflected in our intrinsic business value through capital gains.

ȸ 츮 濵̳ ں ƹ ⵵ ġ ʴ´. μ ϴٸ 츮 ִ 1޷ ٴ Ϲ ȸ Ͽ 2޷ Ѵ. ̰ ü Ϻθ ͺ 2 ݿ ۿ Ȳ ó ϰ Ǵ . ȸο Ÿ ʴ 簡ġ ݿDZ Ѵ.

We have found over time that the undistributed earnings of our investees, in aggregate, have been fully as beneficial to Berkshire as if they had been distributed to us (and therefore had been included in the earnings we officially report). This pleasant result has occurred because most of our investees are engaged in truly outstanding businesses that can often employ incremental capital to great advantage, either by putting it to work in their businesses or by repurchasing their shares. Obviously, every capital decision that our investees have made has not benefitted us as shareholders, but overall we have garnered far more than a dollar of value for each dollar they have retained. We consequently regard look-through earnings as realistically portraying our yearly gain from operations.

츮 ȸ ̾ٴ ߰ߴ. ̷ ູ 츮 ȸ ȯ濡 ߰  Ź ü̱ ̴. ׵ ڸ ϰų ڻָ ϴ Ÿ . Ȯ 츮 ȸ ׻ 츮 ƴϴ. ׷ ׵ 1޷ ġ ξ ̻ 츮 Ҵ.

In 1992, our look-through earnings were $604 million, and in that same year we set a goal of raising them by an average of 15% per annum to $1.8 billion in the year 2000. Since that time, however, we have issued additional shares — including a significant number in the 1998 merger with General Re — so that we now need look-through earnings of $2.4 billion in 2000 to match the per-share goal we originally were shooting for. This is a target we still hope to hit.

1992⿡ 츮 64鸸̾. Ⱓ 츮 15% 2000 ̸ 18޷ ̴ ǥ ÷ Ҵ. ׷ ׶ ķ 츮 ߰ ֽĹ ߴ. 1998⿡ ־ ʷ() ż ֿ ̾. ׷ 츮 ǥ 2000 ޼Ϸ 24޷ ʿϴ. ޼ ִ ǥ ϰ ִ.

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